Immanuel Kant And The Principle Of Morality - 1279 Words

Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who argued that reason is the source of morality. He had a few categorical imperatives which consisted of universalizability, using people as an end in itself rather than as a means, and formulation of autonomy. In his imperative of universalizability, he strongly believed that an act is only morally right if it can be universalized and applied to every situation. For example, if it was morally right for someone to lie, then it should be morally right for everyone to lie. However, this would mean no one would believe anyone and therefore this would not work so lying cannot be universalized. In the imperative of using humanity as an ends, he believed that one should never use someone merely as a means†¦show more content†¦Random selection has no reason behind who gets treatment, and society would not benefit the most from this. Patients who may not respond to treatment could be selected and therefore more medical supplies would be wasted which isn t the greatest good. Individual prognosis of the chance of a treatment’s success would be better in the eyes of a utilitarian because it is better to provide medical supplies to patients who would actually benefit from it, rather on those whom might not respond to the treatment. Therefore, the greater good would be to use the medical rationing on people who need it and would benefit from it most, rather than those who would not. Alongside the success rate, another important factor utilitarians would like would be the quality of life the treatment ultimately gives a patient. If the quality of life is poor to the person who had received the treatment, not only did another person lose out on treatment but someone did not benefit and also wasted supplies. Therefore it’s a double loss and there is no greater utility which comes out of this situation. Utilitarians also agree that contributions to society must play a role in deciding who gets medical treatment. If someone had contributed greatly t o society and will continue to do so, they deserve treatment because this will lead to a greater utility for society. However, a criminal should not receive treatment because they do not provide anything beneficial to society and would likely commit moreShow MoreRelatedKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Kantian Ethics and critiques In Elements of Pure Practical Reason Book, I, Immanuel Kant, a prominent late Enlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strictRead MoreA Lie Is Not Moral Or Ethical Value1004 Words   |  5 Pagesdisrespectful. I believe, the purpose to a lie is achieving a goal at the expense of another. It holds no moral or ethical value. Human beings are entitled to be respect by others. A philosopher known as Immanuel Kant who established two rules called as categorical imperative under the deontology theory (Kant, 2008). Deontology is the obligation or duty to act (Mosser, 2013). The rules in categorical imperative are one shoul d act in a way that maxims resulting in action being a universal law and actRead MoreComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesDavid Hume and Immanuel Kant David Hume and Immanuel Kant each made a significant break from other theorists in putting forward a morality that doesn’t require a higher being or god, for a man to recognize his moral duty. Although Hume and Kant shared some basic principals they differed on their view of morality. In comparing the different views on human will and the maxims established to determine moral worth by David Hume and Immanuel Kant, I find their theories on morality have some meritRead MoreThe Metaphysic Of Morals By Immanuel Kant1199 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant: A Reflection and Analysis Author name Name of institutionâ€Æ' In man’s attempt to figure out what is right or wrong, they have developed a number of systems that purportedly deal with such matters. Immanuel Kant expanded on his moral philosophy in his work, Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals. This paper will be a reflection upon Kantian ethical principles presented therein and their relation to what is generally called morality. People have tried to understandRead MoreThe concept of human nature focuses on the distinctive natural characteristics of humans, namely1500 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerning our variant attributes. Nevertheless, one philosopher, by the name of Immanuel Kant cannot be classified solely as religious, a realist, conservative or rational, as he seemingly wanted to move past the conventional polychotomy and his ideologies were representative of modern, Enlightened philosophy – a combined product of the numerous views of human nature proposed by his predecessors. The convictions of Kant in terms of human nature are referred to as the Copernican Revolution of PhilosophyRead MoreA Study Of Ethics By Immanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill992 Words   |  4 Pagesaround ethics. The court released Lavallee as innocent on the basis that she is medically ill with Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS). The two most renowned ethicists, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill would view this case differently. Kantianism is associated solely with Immanuel Kant. In comparison, John Stuart Mill, an opponent of Immanuel Kant’s ideas, uses a utilitarian approach. This essay will briefly give an overview of the case and the BWS. Then, it will show how both theories view the case.Read More Immanuel Kants Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesImmanuel Kants Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals In his publication, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant supplies his readers with a thesis that claims morality can be derived from the principle of the categorical imperative. The strongest argument to support his thesis is the difference between actions in accordance with duty and actions in accordance from duty. To setup his thesis, Kant first draws a distinction between empirical and â€Å"a priori† concepts. EmpiricalRead MoreEthical Decision Making Assignment1001 Words   |  5 Pagesgreatest happiness principle holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† - John Stuart Mill. This particular quote refers to the utilitarian approach which states that in all our actions we must always strive to produce the greatest possible balance of good or evil. The utilitarian approach deals with consequences. It tries both to increase the good done and to reduce the har m done. Immanuel Kant was an importantRead MoreEssay on Role of Happiness in Ethical Decisions1209 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason† (Kant 1). The usage of reason as a representation of one’s intellect is a common trait in the 21st century. Happiness, a positive emotion, tends to blur one’s judgement and coerces philosophers to look upon its relevance when formulating ethical decisions. When considering the role of emotion in ethical decisions, one must consider the contrasting views of Immanuel Kant, an 18th Prussian philosopher that focussed his philosophies aroundRead MoreKant And Mill : Morality As A Responsibility Towards Positive Impacts1578 Words   |  7 PagesBoth Kant and Mill describe morality as a responsibility towards positive impacts. Kant views morality as thought out actions leading to positive outcomes for others through means of using ones conscience (Kant, Immanuel, 2). Therefore, a person’s actions should result in a positive impact on others, and a person should think carefully before doing something to ensure that. Immorality as defined by Kant describes self-centered actions that do not benefit any other human being while Mill’s theory

The Student Loan Debt Crisis - 1873 Words

College, originally deemed as the pointer to guaranteed employment, financial stability, and an indicator of success, has been declared in jeopardy. Topping the credit card debt and many household debts, the student loan debt has been pronounced the next potential financial disaster in the U.S. With 2014’s numbers currently exceeding $1.2 trillion, the debt figures have reached about twice of 2007’s remaining debt (Akers, 2014). Gone are the days when a parent could send a child to the state university to study their interests and finish off with a job offer, ensuring a respectable future. The average balance for a 2014 college graduate is $32,500, which will be dragging out of not only themselves but also their families (Rajan, 2014). These fraught students display the future, and it’s not looking too bright. With higher education becoming a progressively distant dream for the average American, heftier loads will be landed upon those who can scarcely afford to reach their aspirations. These students are not simple figures on a statistical report, but they are young people at a point in their lives where they must be aided on the basics and essentials of financial lingo and repayment plans (Rajan, 2014). The liability imposed on the current generation can only be noted as atrocious and sleazy, obstructing any economic growth that might’ve been projected before realizing the trap they have fallen into. Worsening as we speak, The New America Foundation has declared that debtShow MoreRelatedThe Student Loan Debt Crisis1247 Words   |  5 Pages The Student Loan Debt Crisis Student loan debt has overtime become an unpleasant part of life for millions of Americans and especially borrowers. It is possible to identify the types of people who went through college and borrowed financial loans from those that went through college and did not go to college or those that went but did not borrow. The debt crisis directly affects the families of the borrowers, those with high debt burdens and advanced degrees. Despite the increased length in loanRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Is A Financial Crisis1700 Words   |  7 Pagesincreases the pile of debt students may graduate with gets bigger and bigger. This problem is America’s next sizeable financial crisis, but this crisis however is avoidable. Student loan debt is a financial bubble waiting to blow up just as the housing market collapse did in 2007, which the country is only just now starting to see signs of recovery from. The cost of a four-year degree has seen increases that surpass inflation and health care costs. Likewise, the amount of student loan debt is now greaterRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Crisis Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Loan Debt Crisis What do you think of when you hear the words college graduate? Well, in most scenarios, these words would be exciting to someone that just graduated college who have put in years of hard work and dedication to better educate and promote themselves for their future careers. Sadly enough, this is too far common not the case. In today’s society, students are graduating college with piles of debt at an alarming rate. With a troubled economy that is recovering from a recessionRead MoreShould Student Loan Debt Be A National Crisis?865 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough many people are considering student loan debt to be a national crisis, we must understand the reality behind it. Unfortunately not everyone is fortunate enough to make it through college without accumulating debt. In Robin Wilson’s essay, â€Å"A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely†, she makes a compelling argument that shows how students get involved with really high debt. She claims, â€Å"†¦the pr oblem among students who go heavily into debt is that they are determined to attend their dream collegeRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Is The Biggest Economic Crisis Or Threat?1755 Words   |  8 PagesBureau, student loan debt has reached a new milestone, crossing the $1.2 trillion mark — $1 trillion of that in federal student loan debt. Since 1993, the trend keeps getting higher and higher every year. Student loan debts has been showing a crippling effect on the economy as the debt gets deeper. Student loan debt is known to be the biggest economic crisis or threat. Although you might have not have any student loans, his huge debt could still impact your financial well being. This debt of studentRead MoreHow The Student Loan Debt Crisis Is Undermining Economic And Social Progress Of American Graduates1635 Words   |  7 PagesHow the Student Loan Debt Crisis Is Undermining the Economic and Social progress of American Graduates Currently, higher education is highly valued as a step in achieving success and earnings potential, but attaining a degree comes at a high cost. Although a very valued asset, the cost to attain a college degree for most students includes getting loans, grants from the government, and sometimes even private loans. Most of these loans come at a high price for students as the interest structure forRead MoreStudent Loan Crisis Is A Crisis870 Words   |  4 Pagesthousand dollars in student loans. (Johnson, â€Å"Student Loans†) There is currently a debate about whether or not student loans are a crisis or if this crisis is just a myth. In the article, â€Å"Here’s Your Crisis: Student Loan Debt Isn’t A Myth,† it describes how student loans are a huge crisis, and the article, â€Å"The Myth of the Student Loan Crisis† is about how college students’ loans do not amount to a crisis. The student loan crisis is a legitimate problem, not a myth. College students do not realize theRead MoreStudent Loans For Education Equal Success997 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Loans Assisting For Education Equal Success After reading the articles on, â€Å"The Myth of the Student Loan Crisis† it was stated that student loans are the crisis because of the hundred dollars worth of debt. The second article, â€Å"Here’s Your Crisis: Student Loans Debt Isn’t a Myth† explains that student loan crisis is not a myth but the fear of debts are preventing students from attending college. These articles provided information to prove my beliefs that the government has a responsibilityRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Is A Burden1467 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever heard of debt? Most people in today’s society have, but what about student loan debt? For too many Americans, student loan debt is a burden; there may be too much interest, not enough income, and a struggle to handle previous bills while staying on time with college payments. According to the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau in the United States, the total amount of student debt amounts to over $1 trillion. In the art icle â€Å"Here’s Your Crisis: Student Loan Debt Isn’t a Myth† (2013) ChrisRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081326 Words   |  6 Pagesslowly incorporating direct federal loans but still keeping guarantees in place for the banks. After the financial crisis of 2008, President Obama completely eliminated the middleman and fully implemented direct student loans (Kingkade). Although this stopped large banks from profiting off of government backed loans, it still didn’t reduce the supply of loans or the ease of obtaining them. Availability of Credit As tuition has been on the steady rise, student debt to finance the education has been

Arabian Industries and Group Companies

Question: Discuss about the Arabian Industries and Group Companies. Answer: Introduction: This report deals with Arabian Industries, an Oman based multinational company, which started its journey in 1991[1]. The goal of the project is to discuss the company including its various subsidiary companies. The objective of the report is to discuss the functional areas of Arabian Industries, describe in detail the activities carried out by its various group companies and cover the important financial, human resource and marketing affairs of the company as a whole. In this report, secondary data has been used. Most of the information and knowledge has been gathered from the official website of the company. The structure of the report covers four main areas. The first part discusses the activities carried on by four functional areas, i.e. engineering, manufacturing, construction and maintenance, of the company. In the next part, the companys recruitment policy has been discussed. The company follows various methods of internal and external recruitment. The third part deals with the expansion strategy of the company and the sources from where the company arranges the required finance. The last part of the report covers the marketing activities carried out by the company for the promotion of the brand, the products and the services offered by it. Activities of the four functional areas: Arabian Industries (AI) is an EPC company, which is engaged in contracting, manufacturing and maintenance work for Oil and Gas sector, chemicals and fertilizer industries, refinery industries, petro chemical industries and power industries[2]. Since its inception in the year 1991, the industry has developed a unique expertise in designing, procurement, and engineering, construction, painting fabrication, testing and maintenance of projects across various industries. The main functional areas of Arabian Industries are: Arabian Industries has a separate group company for providing engineering services for the oil and gas industry[3]. Arabian Industries Energy Solutions is a specialist in this sector. Arabian Industries Energy Solutions is engaged in activities of removing sands from stream and using cyclone based separation devices for treatment of produced water[4]. For this AIES uses a wide range of modern and advanced technologies for such separation services, AI Energy Solutions is the cheapest solution provider. It provides worldwide solutions for integrated processes across oil and gas industry. Arabian Industries Energy Solutions is engaged in treatment of oil and gas processing. Some of the products and services of Arabian Industries Energy Solutions for the oil gas industry are: Four functions of oil treatment, separation, and dehydration and oil desalters are the main upstream areas. Treatment of gas covers dehydration of glycol, control of dew point of hydrocarbon and gas sweetening. Produced water treatment includes de oiling of hydro cyclone, filtration of membrane, stripping of H2S, management of sand, de sanding of hydro clone, washing, collection and transportation of sand. Feed study, survey of sites, installation of sites, trial of fields, commissioning of equipment and various control systems[5]. Manufacturing Activities: Arabian Industries has a separate wholly owned subsidiary, Arabian Industries Manufacturing (AIM) that focuses on engineering and manufacturing of different process equipments. It manufactures engineering equipments designed as per the needs of specific consumer[6]. These equipments are used in core industrial productions. It nurtures the value of quality products, health, safety and security of its employees, and protection of environment for the overall well being, thus providing an ideal business value to its stakeholders. The products and services offered by Arabian Industries Manufacturing are: Separation packages for 2nd and 3rd phase, treatment system for produced water, conditioning system for fuel gas, dehydration packages for gas and crude, stations for pressure reduction, skids for chemical injection, low and high pressure manifolds, condensate stabilizer, gas sweetening and other process modules and pre-engineered skid packages. Separation packages for testing, dehydrators, re- boilers for amine and glycol, de-gassers, de- aerators and de- hydrators, filters, drain vessels, drums and sand catchers and other pressure and process vessels. Cladding products, reactors, equipments for heat transfer, auto pipe spools, storage tanks, reactors, pig launchers and receivers, equipments and other technological structures. In addition, Arabian Industries Manufacturing provides repair and rehabilitation services like welding of overlay pipes and line pipes, butt welding, welding of fittings, valves and their components, painting and coating of glass flake etc., flange management, coating with thermal spray, bolt tensioning and asset integrity management[7]. Construction Activities: Arabian Industries is a holding company of Arabian Industries Projects. Arabian Industries Projects deals with the most technically challenging projects across the EPC contract. It provides innovative and cost effective one stop solution to both, the onshore and off shore clients[8]. It provides assurance of delivery in project management, transportation, warehousing, construction, installation and commissioning of facilities. Arabian Industries Projects follows principles of sustainable development to maintain international standard in providing wide range of expert skills. Some of the business areas of Arabian Industries Projects are: Off plot piping and on plot piping for oil and gas projects, refinery projects, power projects, civil works, tanks, treatment of gas, petrochemical projects, water injection[9], water treatment, and steam facilities, electrical projects, revamp projects, shutdowns and turnaround projects, modification plans and maintenance of plants and camp facilities. Maintenance Activities: Arabian Industries Technical Support (AITS) is one of the group companies of Arabian Industries. It provides expert maintenance solutions for all the requirements of Oil Gas, Petrochemicals and other chemical refinery industries. AITS provides excellent service as per the needs of global economy and urgency of worldwide clients. Safety is the utmost concern of the industry irrespective of the budget of the client. The services provided by Arabian Industries Technical Support are divided into two parts: shop based maintenance services and site based maintenance services. Shop based services include maintenance of equipments used in oil fields like high pressure valves, mud pumps, chokes and choke manifolds, Blow Out Preventers, Well Head Equipment etc. Shop based activities also include maintenance and monitoring of various pumps, compressors and turbines, manufacturing of drilling spools and crossovers, and testing and repairing of control valves, check valves, control valves and c ontrol valves for re- certification. It is also engaged in range for pipe cutting and flange facing[10]. Site based services of Arabian Industries Technical Support are maintenance of beam pumps, casing hangers, X- Mas trees, casing head pools and other well head equipments. It provides flange management services for bolt tensioning. It assists in plant turnaround and shut down activities, repairing and maintenance of tanks and vessels. AITS conducts electrical flanges testing and pneumatic testing[11]. Internal and External Recruitment Processes: Arabian Industries requires competent workforce having expertise in technical and administrative field to meet the needs of manufacturing, construction, maintenance and engineering activities[12]. It believes that human resource is the most critical factor for the growth of the organization. Arabian Industries has established programs for training and development of staff management and provides safe and quality working environment. Company has a vision of development of Omani Nationals. In line with this, Arabian Industries has taken due effort to increase the percentage of Omani Nationals in the companys operation[13]. Arabian Industries follows both the methods of recruitment, i.e. internal method and external method. In internal recruitment, employees are hired from the existing workforce. External recruitment involves recruitment of fresh candidates from outside the organization. Some of the methods of internal recruitment are internal job posting, transfer from one department to another, promotion etc. Arabian Industries uses promotion and internal job posting as the internal methods of recruitment. It conducts annual evaluation in which the performance of each employee is assessed and based on the level of performance against various factors; the employees are promoted and deployed in the designation that is best suited to them[14]. Internal job posting is another method of internal recruitment in which employees are informed of the vacancy and are asked to apply for the position, if they find themselves suitable for the post. This provides an opportunity to the workers to change their roles and departments. External recruitment is more time- consuming process[15]. Arabian Industries follows campus recruitment method of external recruitment in which fresh graduates with unique perspective and fundamental knowledge are hired, trained, assessed and posted in the respective departments[16]. Arabian Industries also uses job portals for recruitment purpose. The jobs are posted on the portal under current openings and application is invited from the suitable candidates to fill the vacancy[17]. Expansion Strategy and sources of funds: Arabian Industries is a multinational company providing innovative engineering services to oil and gas industry. The company started its journey in 1991 in Oman as a fabrication business that has now expanded to provide solutions to upstream, downstream and midstream operations. Arabian Industries is engaged in constant evolution and has reached to the international markets of UK, UAE, Arab and Iraq[18]. It has recently started construction of a new fabrication plant in Abu Dhabi[19]. Considering the ever-changing world and the expertise of Arabian Industries and its group companies, there is a vast scope of expansion of the company. Arabian Industries must consider expanding in the areas where it has not yet made its presence and constantly improve the services offered in the existing market. If the company considers expansion, it will need huge amount of funds. For this purpose, the company can use retained earnings as an internal source of finance. The company may choose not to pay higher dividend and use the retained earnings for new investment. It saves the cost of issuing new shares or debentures. Another source of internal financing may be through control of working capital. The company may speed up the account receivables and lengthen the accounts payable. The company may use bank borrowing[20] and assistance of government as the two methods of external financing. Banks provide loans to meet the short term and medium term financing need and charges interest on the loan amount[21]. The Arabian Industries can seek government assistance in the form of cash grants or other assistance for investment in high technology industries. This will accelerate development of national economy. Marketing activities for promotion: The Arabian Industries use various marketing tools for promotion of the products and services offered by it. Some of the tools used by the company in this regard are: Under this, the Arabian Industries does not use any intermediaries for promotion of its brand. They use direct channel like tele marketing, catalog marketing and face to face selling to deliver the services. It reduces cost for the company. The Arabian Industries sends emails and brochures to the target market for interaction with prospective clients. In this regard, they value and respect their stakeholders, deliver the right quality to their clients, handle press releases and are committed to maintain the corporate image[22]. Conclusion: In the conclusion, it can be said that Arabian Industries is a multinational company engaged in manufacturing, engineering, maintenance and construction in various core areas of Oil and Gas Sector. The finding of the report is that Arabian Industries is a fast growing company, which gives a tough competition in terms of quality of products and services and provides a comprehensive solution under one-roof. It has four group companies named as Arabian Industries Energy Solution, Arabian Industries Manufacturing, Arabian Industries Projects and Arabian Industries Technical Support, which provide expertise services in their functional areas at a very cost- effective rate. The company has established recruitment policy for attracting the new talent and designed training programs for nurturing the skills and capabilities of existing talent. Considering the capability of the company, the expansion plan seems to be feasible and various sources of finance that the company might use have been discussed. The company has been quite successful in promotion activities through various marketing strategy. References: "AI Energy Solutions | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/our-group-companies/ai-energy-solutions-llc/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "AI Manufacturing | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/our-group-companies/ai-manufacturing/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "AI Projects | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/our-group-companies/ai-projects-llc/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Capabilities | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/our-group-companies/ai-energy-solutions-llc/ai-energy-capabilities/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Capabilities | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/our-group-companies/ai-projects-llc/project_capabilities/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Capabilities | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/our-group-companies/ai-technical-support-llc/techcapabilities/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Corporate Message | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/about-us/corporate-message/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Corporate Message | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/about-us/corporate-message/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Current Openings | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/career/current-openings/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Fresh Graduates | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/career/career-introduction/fresh-graduates/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Introduction | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/career/career-introduction/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "News | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/press-room/news/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Omanisation | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/career/omanisation/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Our Profile | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/about-us/our-profile/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Products Services | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/our-group-companies/ai-energy-solutions-llc/products-services/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. "Products Services | Arabian Industries". in , , 2016, https://www.arabian-industries.net/our-group-companies/ai-manufacturing/products-services/ [accessed 27 December 2016]. DeVaro, Jed, and Hodaka Morita. "Internal promotion and external recruitment: a theoretical and empirical analysis."Journal of Labor Economics31.2 (2013): 227-269. DeVaro, Jed. "Internal hiring or external recruitment?."IZA World of Labor(2016). Mayer, Colin. "Financial systems, corporate finance, and economic development."Asymmetric information, corporate finance, and investment. University of Chicago Press, 1990. 307-332. Mina, Andrea, Henry Lahr, and Alan Hughes. "The demand and supply of external finance for innovative firms."Industrial and Corporate Change22.4 (2013): 869-901. Pickton, David, and Amanda Broderick.Integrated marketing communications. Harlow: Prentice Hall, 2001.